These smokes are toxic, which is attributed to the production of zinc chloride (ZnCl2).[8][9] According to Steinritz et al., “Due to its potential pulmonary toxicity,” zinc chloride producing smoke grenades “have been discharged from the armory of most western countries (…).”[10]

HC smoke inhalation can cause severe acute respiratory distress syndrome,[11][12][13] and one study found that it can cause permanent liver damage.[14] The chemical is a suspected carcinogen, has effects on the nervous system,[15] and can cause sudden collapse and death at high doses.[16] The United States Naval Academy considers it a chemical weapon.[17] It is also considered a "Type 2" pulmonary agent[18] and a lung-damaging agent.[19]

In 2020, US federal agents in Portland, Orgeon used canisters of HC gas against protestors.[20]

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